Fotos Milena Velba 2010

Einstein Music and Science and Beauty

Quisera recover a famous quote by Albert Einstein. But before I would remember what is the context. United States was in a deep crisis of values \u200b\u200bduring the fifties. A radio show modest attempt to lift the spirits of citizens with a simple formula. Major public figures and common people were placed in front of a radio microphone for three minutes and read a text in which sincerity. Openly say what they believed, which moved their lives, to fight every day, what were your aspirations and hopes. The program called "This I belive was a huge success now trying to recover ( http://thisibelieve.org ).

Among many others, Einstein contributed their grain of sand. The first sentence of his contribution is as follows:
The most beautiful thing we experience is the mysterious dog-the Knowledge of the Existence of Something unfathomable to us, the manifestation of The Most Profound reason coupled with the MOST brilliant beauty.
(The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious - the knowledge of the existence of something unimaginable, the manifestation of The deeper reason for the beauty brighter.)

In this sentence, Einstein strikes twice in the idea of \u200b\u200bbeauty, always associated with mystery, the wonder of learning. S. says Weinberg many scientists about the beauty of their discipline in a vague, undefined. What is beauty? Why a show is beautiful? Why Dirac equation argued that, above all, must be beautiful? Weinberg suggests that beauty referred to by scientists resembles the beauty that is a caretaker of horses in a beautiful specimen. Beauty is a subjective, associated with deep knowledge of a trade. Beauty is the perfect bill, is the recognition of harmony indisputable for the educated eye.

However, I believe that Einstein used the word beauty in a multiple sense. Its beauty is its height in mystery, in the intuition of unimaginable harmony. The beauty of relativity, he said, was its fragility (or inexorable completeness): just one element would be wrong to disprove his theory. The beauty and wonder appears repeatedly in his writings.

visit to the pages of "This I Believe" is filled with beautiful ideas. Do not miss it.

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The first step to participate in this contest is to know the library, the books that comprise it, to choose well which is what we'd like to read and on which to write.
probably did not imagine such interesting topics including all the possibilities you have to know more and more about science.

For example, you enter the link collections of FCE. We are on the right of this blog, where it says The Library Books Get to know them. Give it a click. E n the space appear more than 200 possibilities, can click on the cover or the title that catches your attention and learn a little more about its content.

I went to one that caught my attention:

Animals unknown: stories of acarologist Anita Hoffmann
And he says about the book "Kinship of spiders and scorpions, mites, arthropods, mostly microscopic, amazed by the number -10 million species, and its adaptability. The study of these bugs is important, since they are always among us and live in the most unusual places. "
Collection: SCIENCE FOR ALL

Subject Area: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

And just like that we know a little of each of the books.

We invite you to come to the site and check it very well to look after the book that I liked, either in your school, public library or buy (very cheap).

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The classical limit of quantum wave function

One way to understand that the wave function of quantum mechanics has no classical limit is taken equal to 0 ± so naive in the Schrödinger equation. Immediately there was a contradiction since the kinetic term disappears before potential. This implies that the wave function does not have an expansion in powers of h around a classical function.

To be a little more concrete, consider the Schrödinger equation for stationary states of a particle potential V (x). The Schrödinger equation is reduced to H ψ = E ψ, where the Hamiltonian H = H_0 + H_i has two terms: one describes the kinetic energy of the particle H_0 =- h ^ 2 / (2m) ^ 2 d ^ 2/dx and other interactions with the potential H_i = V (x). So naive it seems to take h = 0 means to suppress the kinetic term. It follows that V (x) ψ = E ψ, ie V (x) = E which is impossible since any potential depends on x is not equal to a constant E.

The correct way to take a semi-classical limit of the wave function is what is called the WKB approximation. The central idea is to understand that the wave function has an essential singularity as h tends to 0. That is, ψ (x) ~ A (x) e ^ (i B (x) / h), where A (x) and B (x) do have expansions around classical values \u200b\u200b±. But the singularity in the exponential limit makes it impossible to naive. This approach allows a simple way to estimate such subtle phenomena such as tunneling.

obstruction to have a classical limit for the wave function implies that there is a classic description of the information in a system equivalent to the quantum paradigm. If that were true, would have a quantum-classical mechanics, profoundly different from the Newtonian concepts. The ideas of superposition and quantum entanglement are as consistently guarded by these singular limits.

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Awards Convocation 2008-2010

During the awards to winning students and teachers the tenth issue, launched the call for the National Competition III XI Iberoamerican "Reading Science for All" 2008 -2010 which is valid until June 30, 2009.

Interested parties may participate in the following categories:

A 12 to 13 years and compiled a summary comment.

B from 14 to 15 years. Summary and Comment

C of 16 to 18. Critical Review.

D of 19 to 25 years. test

E high school level teachers teach in a classroom. Testing or training manual.

Awards

In categories A, B, C, D, and E:

$ 6,000.00 places First Six thousand pesos, books and diploma. Seconds

places

$ 5,000.00 Five thousand pesos, diploma and Llibre

third places $ 4,000.00 Four thousand pesos, diploma and books.

Stimulation

Stay of five days in Mexico City visiting various centers of research and discussions with the authors of the collection.

For Category D the Mexican Academy of Sciences will award scholarships for the Summer of Scientific Research.

The complete and detailed call will be available at: http://www.fondodeculturaeconomica.com/ED_Convocatorias.asp

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X Competition "Reading Science for All"

Mexico, 23 Sep (Notimex) .- In 1989, Fondo de Cultura Economica (FCE) began one of the greatest scientific and technological crossings from Mexico, the National Contest "Read Science for All", in which involved young people between 12 and 23 years, with the objective of popularizing science in this country.
The invitation to participate in the National Competition II X Iberoamerican "Reading Science for All 2006-2008", was released on November 7, 2006 and the closing reception of works will receive 65 000 201 of all categories.
categories, ages and jobs are: Category "A", 12 to 13 years. Abstract; Category "B" of 14 to 15 years. Abstract; Category "C" of 16 to 18. Critical Review, Category "D" of 19 to 25 years.
Test, Category "E", senior high teachers in front of the group. Test didactic textbook and Category "F" for students Subsystem Technological University.
The young participants wrote a summary, review or essay, depending on their age, about some of the 217 existing titles in the series "Science for All" and sent to the local offices of FCE.
The winning entries were 413, for all categories, highlighting the category "F" for students Subsystem Technological University, where jobs were more winners than any other, with 144.

Winners were awarded to a stimulus, a diploma and a lot of books. The first places across the country, in addition to the above, get five days of academic activities in Mexico City. Minors traveling unaccompanied by an adult.
This journey began to germinate in the 1984 FCE, when the writer and diplomat, Jaime Garcia Terres (1924-1996), then director of the publishing house, had the interest to make a project operate on long runs, the dissemination of science in Mexico.
The first issue of the collection bore the name of "Science in Mexico," and began circulating in September 1986.
The great public interest and the authors, led the library to shift editorial in 1997, when it included foreign authors publishing project is when it changed its name to "Science for all." Today
library already has 217 titles on scientific theories, history of science, as well as the most advanced research in astronomy, biology, applied sciences, earth sciences, health sciences, marine science, ecology, physics, chemistry and other fields of knowledge.
The scientific and technological journey, they crossed the border, and the proof of it, was October 20, 1997, the day of National Culture in Cuba, where Academic Publishers took the initiative to implement the contest in Cuba "Science for All. "
This was accepted by the authorities of the Minister of Education, the Academy of Sciences of Cuba and the Agency for Information and Development, when released in Havana the first round of the competition. Currently
already made the VIII in the Republic and will shortly be handed out prizes to respective winners.

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Welcome

Dear s friend @ s this blog is intended for all those who participated in the National Competition and Latin American " Read the Science for All "promoted fortunately the Fondo de Cultura Economica (FCE): students, teachers, facilitators and adjudicators.

This medium is only the structure and will link to everything we bring you the benefit of our young participants.

thank Veronica Fuentes and his team valuable collaborators invite us and allow us to bring ideas to make this contest even better.

I welcome my friends the regional coordinators with whom we share similar experiences.

Congratulations to all winners

Adalberto Fox

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Some problems identified ... to guide teachers

Problems general have the vast majority of contestants work:

lack consistency in discourse.

Present work without critical comment.

The order of ideas is inadequate

They make a bad use of terms.

also detect problems in : punctuation, accentuation, the verb to have, at (write on), do not differentiate between why and because they use indiscriminately case.

In writing:

write without reference quotations.

The separation of words is inadequate.

They

bad hyphenation.

circular Expose ideas.

Problems with regular expressions

not follow an order in his statement.

isolated ideas are exposed.

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The adjudicators are saying about the work involved

jobs are most evident personal style and design with their teachers about what is a review or a critical remark, this implies that the work advised by a particular teacher, usually have similar strengths and weaknesses.

This leads us to suggest the idea of \u200b\u200btwo complementary actions

1) guidance to advise those using their work, and evaluated and where necessary, with written comments of the adjudicators.

2) To convey to the young participants evaluated the work, with written comments by the adjudicators.

This is in order to see the work of writing as a perfect activity that requires revisions and corrections to achieve a finished product.

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The statistics of war and NP-complete problems 5 questions

On numerous occasions I have received questions on specific recommendations of popular books. Some readers seeking an accessible introduction to research topics that are the cutting edge of science today. Others prefer to read the opinion of scientists, want to know how they work and uplift the human aspect of knowledge creation. It is also common interest in a development of a whole field and, thus, have a strong vision of issues that appear fleetingly in the newspapers. Science popularization is a big bag full of goodies that fill the majority. Therefore it is common and comfortable to avoid giving recommendations.

This time I want to take sides in a positive and suggest reading a recent book: "Group Theory in the bedroom" Brian Hayes and edited by Hill and Wang (2008). I dare to recommend this set of articles because each piece that composes it exudes a natural elegance in the form of abstract and present issues in an entertaining way to advance concrete knowledge and clear. It is a craft book, entertaining, scientifically robust yet affordable.

Pick out a couple of items throughout the book. One of them is devoted to the contributions of Lewis Fry Richardson, a pioneer in the quantitative study of war. Richardson compiled the first catalog of wars, neutral and objective in order to analyze the generic features and, if possible, prediction. Hundreds of armed conflicts are classified by their intensity on a logarithmic scale of deaths. This gloomy analysis is no less disturbing. Wars appear following Poisson distributions show no correlation with the affinity of the language of the dispute, nor with his weapon grade. Wars are slightly correlated strongly with religion and with disputes between neighbors. A sober article, worthy of being known outside the scope of this blog.

A second article that I would recommend is the one that is NP-complete problems and phase transitions. It is a remarkable fact that ideas in physics are reflected in seemingly distant fields such as computational complexity. To be more specific, consider the problem of partitions. We have a set of N numbers. Each number can be written in binary notation using M digits 0 or 1. We separate them into two sets so that the sum of forming the first set is identical to the sum of which form the second. In many cases it is very easy to find a deal that would verify this requirement. In other cases it is almost impossible. The problem is computationally hard when there is no single solution. The surprise is that the transition from simple to hard cases occurs abruptly as a function of M / N. The analogy with a phase transition (like water to boil) is immediate and has been extensively studied in recent years. Mathematics, Physics, Theory of computing come together. I chose this sample paper as part of the Quantum Information community struggles to bring ideas of quantum to classical theory of computation. A quantum computer may change our concepts of a field as interdisciplinary and constantly evolving.

This and other issues as curious as the construction of clocks or the characterization of the watershed in the Hayes continent are treated with the proper office of scientific publication quality.

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Tip 1

We encourage teachers and students to make a real and honest balance after making reading a book from the library and to develop other products such as bulletin boards, cartoons or pictures that refer to the contents of the text, is certain to produce a best work

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Recommendations for students

1. Participates for the fun of it and if it is to pass the matter also do it with great effort and dedication, maybe win.

2. Take time to choose the book, look at each other, until one you can.

3. DO NOT let them impose a book you do not like or a topic you is foreign.

4. When you read the book do it slowly, understanding main ideas, you can go some aspect of your daily life.

5. You can seek help from your teachers, your parents or your friends, share the experience of reading and writing on a topic that interests you.

6. Do not repeat verbatim the concepts and ideas of the author with jargon and words that do not understand, use your own words, how you speak every day. Use your logic and put something in your personality.

7. When you finish your work to check the spelling and format the computer to have a good presentation.

8. NO copies or get off the work of the Internet, of all However we realize and eliminate those jobs. (Remember, we were also students).

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Recommendations for the counselor

1. Willingness to participate with time and effort.
2. Carefully review the notice.
3. Promote among the students browse and review the books of the library to choose the one that most interests them.
4. Review and ascertain the nature of summary and review in order to convey to the students before the development of work
5. Review student work before sending the contest.
6. Creating awareness in the educational value of this contest and to value the learning that Students gain from reading scientific texts.
7. Entering the contest, not a requirement for passing students, but is taken as a competitive activity and learning.
8. Request training workshops and update from the organizers so they can provide better guidance to young people.

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Format for the preparation of the work


format features letter-size paper, double spaced text

Source: Times New Roman
Points: 12
Top margin: 2.5 cm.
Bottom margin: 2.5 cm.
Left margin: 3 cm.
Right margin: 3 cm.

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The summary

Tip brief for the preparation of the summary.
The summary is a text that builds on another, requiring the reading of the latter to extract them esenciales.El new text content should not necessarily use the same words as the reference, but it is with the ideas of its author. It also defines the summary as a text that elaborates that is intended to shorten, reducing its length.

The author of the abstract should be kept in the background and strive to be objective in trying to generate a coherent and understandable to be a faithful to the original fair regarding the interpretation of its content and clear in its wording.
Identify the main theme and the alternate text and key words and statements relating thereto, is an important step towards the realization of resúmenes.También can help implement the following operations.
a) Cancel: delete words and phrases that refer to marginal details and circumstantial information and explanations accessory, they are not necessary for the understanding of another part of the text. This is information you do not need rescuing.
b) Select : are chosen essential parts of the text and, in doing so, suppress other (repeated). What is implied is canceled in what is selected, so the information is recoverable.
c) Generalize : replace a series of words that has meaning for a comprehensive or generalizing thus, for example, tiger, lion, leopard, crocodile, snake, are expressed as animals.
d) Build : Due to a prior knowledge of the subject, it extracts information by the author in a broader content outline, for example, instead of referring to groups of neurons with unitary features which provide interaction one could speak of neural networks.

1Based on literacy as a tool: Read Science for All. Manual for the coordinator, the ruled and the teacher, Margaret Alegría de la Colina FCE, Mexico, 2003, brochure in non commercial edition is available now. Can also be seen Margarita Alegría de la Colina, Reading Science for All. Discourse genres, FCE (Science for All no. 207), Mexico, 2005.

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Comment

Tips comment to be included in the summary.
The comment is a trial, apparently mention or consideration is made orally or in writing, about someone or something. Is communicative action is to make judgments, criticisms or expose their own opinions after effectively understand a text. Synonyms of this expression are: explanation, gloss, warning, reasoning, clarification, paraphrasing, critical interpretation, exegesis, adds and scoliosis.
Comments can be categorized as follows: Specialized
: addresses issues specific to a field of knowledge, its development has a level of logical and coherent argument, and a high degree of knowledge and relevance opinions, judgments and criticisms exposed.
Description: states an opinion outlining how an object, person, space, situation, phenomenon, event, etc.. Explanatory
: exposes the causes and consequences of a phenomenon or event, and through them makes a point of view. Comparative
: voicing an opinion is structured to discover the relations of similarity or difference between two or more objects, phenomena, events or people.
Critical: is written by assessment, evaluation and value judgments about the object or subject matter. Analytical
: raises the issue, examining its components, made a critical and proposes a solution. Interpretive
: from an analysis of the subject, based on concepts or thematic categories derived from inferences and information not contained in the text read, what is known as implicit information. The question to generate interpretive comments is: what does this part of the text?
In order to evaluate the work involved in the "Read Science for All", we want to acknowledge the comments in categories A and B (summary of comments), and appreciate them in the C (review).

1Based on literacy as a tool: Read Science for All. Manual for the coordinator, the ruled and the teacher, Margaret Alegría de la Colina, FCE, Mexico, 2003, brochure in non commercial edition is available now. Can also be seen Margarita Alegría de la Colina, Reading Science for All. Discourse genres, FCE (Science for All no. 207), Mexico, 2005.

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The review

Recommendations on how to prepare a brief
reseña.1 Outline is a word that comes from the Latin resign, which means taking notes, writing, pointing. Based on these three activities is built review, writing that aims to describe and in most cases, assess a recent work to make it known to the public.

To make a review of written texts from the abstract is necessary, and incorporate critical comments based on the work reviewed.
In terms of structure, the review should have an introduction in which this author and text. In the case of books in the series Science for All, these data can be found on the back, but it is possible to do a little research for more information, would be nice.
Since the review also includes Summary of the work, criticism or value judgments about various aspects, the commentary is also a gender element in this discourse, as noted.

Comments can do in relation to different aspects of the book under review, the importance of the topic it addresses, how it occurs, the language used by the author, wise or wrong of the examples, etc.

Keep in mind that criticism can be positive or negative, but in any case must be based on reasoned arguments.

1Based on literacy as a tool: Read Science for All. Manual for the coordinator, the ruled and the teacher, Margaret Alegría de la Colina, FCE, Mexico, 2003, brochure in non commercial edition is available now. Can also be seen Margarita Alegría de la Colina, Reading Science for All. Discourse genres, FCE (Science for All no. 207), Mexico, 2005.

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The test for an Award

concise or brief suggestions for the development of a trial. 1
The essay is a discourse genre that is characterized by the development of an idea, over which weigh the opinions expressed by others on the same subject, and to the adopting a critical stance. Because this type of speech is often cited authors who have spoken before us about the chosen topic as the reason for our assay, are sometimes quoted verbatim, so it must be integrated footnote notes indicating the source from which such information was extracted, and includes the bibliography at the end that we documented.
Contest For "Reading Science for All", your book as the basis for the realization of our test is the motivator of its subject matter. There then summarize the content of the reference text, although we discuss part or parts thereof, when they relate to the guiding idea of \u200b\u200bour test.
A trial should be treated with greater or lesser extent, an issue that if you have already been worked by other scholars, decide to approach from a different point of view, new and original, so this is a purposeful work.
The test structure consists of an introductory section, which introduces the topic, explaining its relevance and considers the approach which will treat her, including a hypothesis or proposition in this regard.

The second part is the development of the subject itself, there is a stage of discussion in that confront the approaches of other with ours as authors of the trial, with the aim of providing feedback and strengthen the approach we are working on the issue.

The last part is the conclusion, which takes up the main arguments that led ac heck, in whole or in part, or refute the hypothesis that the work began. When this happens several times, the findings raise the possibility of a new study, from a different perspective.

As in the case of summary and review, trials should be written with clarity, precision and good spelling.

1Based on literacy as a tool: Read Science for All. Manual for the coordinator, the ruled and the teacher, Margaret Alegría de la Colina, FCE, Mexico, 2003, brochure in non commercial edition is available now. Can also be seen Margarita Alegría de la Colina, Reading Science for All. Discourse genres, FCE (Science for All no. 207), Mexico, 2005.

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X Competition Process dictamination

The national awards ceremony will be held at the Secretariat of Public Education in Mexico City on September 23, 2008 at 10:00 am, to the top Nationwide different categories. Awards
regional


For awards of second places, third places and honorable mentions in categories A, B, C "," D "and" E "for the state of Veracruz and Tabasco the ceremony organized by the regional headquarters for the National Week of Science and Technology in October 2008.

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2006-2008 in the South Region Southeast I

The national contest received more than 60,000 jobs across the country participating in different categories, from a summary to an essay on one of the most of 200 texts in the collection "Reading Science for All" published by the FCE.

south southeast region received more than 5,000 participants work
a) Submission of papers participants from Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca and Chiapas.
review, classification and capture
From promote the contest and since March 2007, he began receiving the contest works: the classification of 5216 and 1395 capture, work done by a group of support facilities DG UV Graduate which provided a physical space to store the work, the reception staff work that was coming, computer equipment management, printer, network, Internet, desks, office supplies, etc..
b) Workshops to adjudicators.

an important process in parallel started inviting, classification and training of new adjudicators and those who participated in previous editions, with the help of teachers and researchers from the Universidad Veracruzana, literary linguistic area. This process was carried out from February to March 2007, during the Saturday morning.

c) First two adjudicators dictamination
The first was held as per schedule of the organizing committee of the competition, from August 2007 to November 2007, where the support group reviewed and selected the 5216 entries received in the south Southeast I. These works are classified according to the appropriate category: a, b, c, d, e, technological universities.
works were removed that were not captured by the schools or the students involved, they appended the data sheet.
were classified by author and given to the adjudicators according to the training area and texts. In this first dictamination
were worked to 4825 jobs in categories a, b, c.
passed to the second dictamination 1250 jobs.

dictamination Second, with the support of the adjudicators was carried out from 1250 dictamination process work, to finally send 43 of the south-southeast region I to the third stage of selection by the Authors:
A study of the state of Oaxaca, Tabasco state 5 and 37 of the state of Veracruz.
correspond to each of the category A, 9 of category B and 33 in category C.
also initiated a process of analysis of the work involved in the region to propose some actions that could better student participation

d) Third dictamination
The final dictamination was conducted by experts in astronomy Dr. Susan Biro, Dr. Zenon Cano
biology, science Dr. José Manuel Domínguez applied; Health Sciences Dr. Rosa Rodriguez, ecology: Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr. Shahen Hacyan physical and Dr. José Luis Morán, Dr. Carlos Prieto mathematics, chemistry Dr. Carlos Mauricio Castro-Acuña; in various categories: Dr. Rosaura Ruiz, Marine Science Dr. Pilar Torres, earth sciences Dr. José Lugo Hubp and coordinator: Veronica Fuentes Velásquez.

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an Award Contest IX Schedule

Science Awarded by young
Rare bugs, earthquakes, viruses, relativity theory, machine vapor, the hook is not important, what matters is that the young are interested in a phenomenon and approaches to science.
This is the essential meaning of the National Competition Read the science for all, which for 19 years organized by the Secretariat of Public Education and the Economic Culture Fund, which in its ninth edition was extended to Latin America.
More than 79 000 young people between 12 and 23, originating in Mexico, 54 Cubans and more than 12 thousand Colombians took part in the ninth edition of the event with a summary, review, testing or development of a prototype based on any of the books in the series "Let's read for all."
participants record was broken, but ultimately won only 102 young Mexicans, one Canadian, four Colombians and three Cubans, most of whom were present on Tuesday November 7, 2006 in the building of the Secretariat of Public Education receive their awards. Olmos Pérez Jeily
16 years / Cuba "I reviewed this excellent book on Earthquakes, Alejandro Nava. I was struck by the force of these natural phenomena today, which can cause disaster and especially the importance of preparation . I'd love to know the author. "
"This contest is important because here we can meet other young people who have the same taste. The most important thing is to know the science and research." Laura Valentina Muñoz
22 years / Colombia
is a graduate of a law degree at the University of Caldas, Colombia. He won with a critical essay about the book Relativity for beginners which applied the law. Currently the trial is under review by a Colombian publisher. Carolina López Barragán
19 years / Tecamachalco, Puebla

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The following are various aspects that are covered by coordinating from the November 7, 2006 to November 2008 in the process X National Competition "Let's read the science for all 'and II Ibero
1) Scheduling of activities undertaken by regional coordination
2) Launching of the National Contest at X and II Iberoamericano.
3) Strategies for dissemination and participation. Actions.
4) Disseminate and promote the importance of science in the population.
5) popular science programs.
6) Link exchange between FCE and UV
7) Reception and registration of workers participating in the X Competition.
8) Training of Appraisers.
9) First dictamination.
10) Second dictamination.
11) Sending regional results.
12) Overall results.
13) Follow-up for awards.

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activities coordinator of the regional coordinator functions

a) Direct link to the Economic Culture Fund, to organize the event in the southern region southeast I.
b) Planning for dissemination and promotion of competition from the launch of the call.
c) Coordination of the reception, organization, capturing and recording more than 6,000 participants from the region work.
d) Coordination and monitoring of the 34 adjudicators of the competition in the area.
e) Supervision of the first two stages of review of the competition.
f) Delivery of the FCE results.
g) Collaboration in the delivery of prizes to the top.
h) Organization of the regional awards competition.
i) Promotion of the new competition in the region.

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Coordination I

covers the states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca and Chiapas and has hosted at the Universidad Veracruzana, contest coordinator institution in southern Southeast I, through the Office of Graduate Studies, located on Justo Sierra No. 89 in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz. Your coordinator is Mr Fox Adalberto Rivera, Dissemination and Outreach Coordinator of the Directorate General of Graduate Studies at the University Veracruzana.Telefono 2288174057 or email afoxuv@gmail.com

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answer to a comment full of interesting questions. Your questions, anonymous reader, are all very relevant. Today, I try to develop a response to the first five.

1) in a uniformly accelerated system, what is the value of the speed of light as it travels parallel to the acceleration vector? Ac is it different? Can you get to observe a null value? Does this have anything to do with the impossibility of a photon does not escape a black hole?


All the paradoxes associated with special relativity and general understanding should always consider how reference system is the observer. When you say "in a uniformly accelerated system" is implicit that you're out it and therefore we consider accelerated. Another observer in the system will consider you as fast. The speed of light is always the same in both (by postulate). Thus appears an unexpected phenomenon. Time seems to run at different rates depending on the reference system that we place ourselves.

try to be more explicit. We are going to build a clock. This watch is composed of two parallel mirrors and opposites. A photon is bouncing from one to another constantly. Every bounce in the mirror corresponds to a click. That is my unit of time: the interval between two clicks. I have my watch and see how you click-click-click. But another observer in an accelerated system is watching me closely and looks at my watch. Imagine the situation well. This observer sees my two mirrors and myself fast. Imagine them going from left to right in front of you, to accelerate. Since light always goes at the same speed, the route of the photon between rebound follows a zig-zag path that is growing. To the observer, my clock is slow clicks: click-cliik-cliiik-cliiiik. My time was slow, as seen by him. However in my system time goes on as usual.

This is the effect of "infinite red shift" in the fall into a black hole. A clock that falls on it seems infinitely slow.


2) Does interaction between two photons (real) together? Deliver " These virtual particles? If yes, is there any condition in which a photon suffers Autocamp? Yes

Two electrons interact by exchanging photons. The diagram represents what is more or less like this: __ __


__O__


horizontal lines of input and output photons, which form the circle is an electron / positron (in fact any fermion with electric charge). The idea is this: a photon becomes an electron-positron pair, the electron goes to the other photon, and continues to circulate until it is annihilated by a positron. This is a quantum fluctuation. This interaction is fourth order in quantum electrodynamics and, therefore, suppressed by a factor (1 / 500) ^ 4. Is a very subtle but very well known and verified.



3) Is it incompatible with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to say that we know exactly the speed of light without having to completely delocalized photon in space? Or is the variable that is often affected by uncertainty, since it determines the time? Take

photon energy. The conjugate variable is time. Would require a measure that would lead an infinite time to have infinite precision in the output of energy. Any measure in a laboratory employs a finite time and is associated with an uncertainty in energy. The spectral lines are as thick you can not violate the principle of indeterminacy.


4) If for some reason there were hidden variables, quantum computing "would remain as such? If so, would you change something in it?


If there are hidden variables that describe correctly all the quantum mechanics, we would have a classical way to understand quantum superpositions and entanglement. Without them there would be no advantage in a quantum computer, because in fact be classic. It is not the place to analyze it, but there are many experiments that rule out hidden variable theories in emphatic fashion.



5) If A = "position of a particle, and B =" probability of A ", grammatically it is accepted that B is derived from A, or B is a subset of A. However, I get the feeling that quantum mechanics says that B is more fundamental than A. If so, would it not have to rebuild some grammatical concept to be A which is derived from B?

Right. Quantum mechanics gives the wave function, ie the probability amplitude of finding a particle of being at one point. With this wave function can predict the probability of finding the particle in one place and also the measure any other property that we want (time, energy, etc). The concept of wave function is thus more basic than explicit probabilities then we want to measure. Perhaps we should change the grammar to express this idea but I confess that I misunderstood your question.



Another day we continue with the other five questions!

Regards, ji.

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Lamb effect Disclosure quality

(Obituary also posted on May 22, 2008 at The Country .)
Last died on May 15 Willis E. Lamb Jr. at the age of 94 years in Tucson, Arizona. Lamb will be in the history of physics as the discovery of a subtle and fundamental effect associated with the quantum vacuum in the presence of electromagnetic interactions. His work was recognized with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955 for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, shared with P. Kusch for his own work in quantum fluctuations.

Born in 1913, Lamb studied chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley, where he received his doctorate in 1934 under the supervision of J. Robert Oppenheimer, later famous for leading the Manhattan Project that led to the pump atomic. His career was developed at Stanford, Yale and Oxford up to the University of Arizona, as a well paid celebrity.

Lamb's great contribution was to perform the experiment that showed the need to review and understand quantum mechanics called quantum fluctuations of vacuum. Thanks to quantum mechanics and work of PAM Dirac, the description of the hydrogen atom seemed well established in the forties. This theory predicts that two specific levels of the atom should have the same energy. In 1947, the very work of Lamb and Retherford RC students demonstrated at Columbia University that such two levels did not have exactly the same energy. The effect was called the "Lamb shift (Lamb shift). The scientific community will focus on the understanding of this fact Weisskopf's hand, Fench, Feynman and Schwinger. Thus was born the concept of virtual particles and quantum fluctuations and the ability to make an incredibly accurate description of the atomic world.

propagation of a particle in the quantum vacuum is thus not elementary. We can imagine a single electron. This electron may remain unchanged, or issue a virtual photon which then capture or issue number, which in turn emit virtual particles ser reabsorbidas. El mundo que observamos tiene en cuenta todas estas posibilidades llamadas fluctuaciones cuánticas.
El experimentó ideado por Lamb dio pie a la incorporación de todos estos efectos virtuales en la
teoría de la Electrodinámica Cuántica.


La mentalidad analítica de Lamb desmenuzaba cada idea y cada proceso. Su forma de trabajo perfeccionista fue acompañada de una absoluta focalización de sus intereses, siempre centrados en el mundo de la ciencia. Fue un físico puro. Lamb no creía que su labor tuviera impacto sobre la vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, sus trabajos dieron lugar al perfeccionamiento de los relojes atómicos. La excelencia de Lamb fue premiada en numerosas ocasiones and should be remembered.

Lamb's disappearance is a symbolic farewell to a brilliant time and it sat in our sound knowledge of the atomic world.

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(This entry also appears in the new blog of the magazine Scientific American .)

is not easy to recommend quality scientific publication. Disenchant too simplistic texts to readers seeking a refined understanding. Overly technical texts are dry, do not give a global vision and lose the reader in a world of formulas.

Some books do manage to convey a spirit. I always recommend "The a mathematician's apology "by GH Hardy. His work in Cambridge with Ramanujan is the background of the book. Hardy argues with subtlety the privileges of his profession. Among them, the most sublime was working with a genuine genius.

This Similarly, we VF Weisskopf's book "The privilege of being a physicist." Humanist consummate music lover, Weisskopf went CERN, harmonized the worlds of science and faith, made significant estimates in quantum electrodynamics.

The letters between Born and Einstein always fascinated me. distill mutual respect among real scientists. The intellectual struggle is secondary compared to the friendship and a will staunch to understand the structure of quantum theories. A fourth recommendation

-reaching are the books on the relationship of quantum physics and Heisenberg's philosophy. They are exquisitely accurate. Each concept is carefully formulated, each idea that has become obsolete is regarded with respect.

contemporary Disclosure (topic for another day) also consolidated in audiovisual media. I commend all the work done from the Perimeter Institute (its founder, M. Lazarides, was enriched by his company creator of the Blackberry RIM). In particular, their latest video on Dark Matter is an ambitious attempt to make disclosure high scientific level.

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laws governing the world of elementary particles are based on the principle of symmetry. For example, the strong interactions respect the gauge symmetry SU (3) of color. Gluons carry the interactions between quarks which have a quantum number called color (nothing to do with actual colors!). The Lagrangian that describes these interactions is invariant under base change in the color group. All particles can adopt their own agreement locally. To do this each term of the Lagrangian must have a precise way.

The symmetries are postulated as the ultimate in the way we understand nature. This idea has always like a deep abyss. Symmetry postulate. The universe appears to be governed by principles of invariance can take bases for arbitrary local quantum numbers. This applies to the strong interactions, for the weak and the electromagnetic. In each case the quantum numbers change, and consequently, the symmetry group.

The big mystery remains to find a consistent and satisfactory construction of the quantization of General Relativity. The underlying symmetry group remains unknown, despite the conceptual developments in string theory. The gulf of understanding that laws correspond to symmetries deepens to know unlikely to reach even partial solution for our lives.

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principles of symmetry Shannon entropy of von Neumann entropy vs energy of man

Entropy is a figure of merit that quantifies the surprise. Has a classically built by Shannon and a quantum (von Neumann call).

Let's see how the Shannon entropy measures the surprise in a message a thousand bits. If the message is all zeros, it is enough to send the phrase "all zeros." If you should send 500 zeros followed by a few hundred, it would be advantageous to send this phrase rather than a thousand digits. If the message was completely random, we should send all the thousand digits.

The question is not trivial is to know how much we can compress a message that is not absolutely random. The answer to this question was elegantly obtained by Shannon. We presume that the probability for each digit to be 0 is that of being p_0 i 1 is 1-p_1 = p_0. Shannon entropy is defined as S_SH Suma_ =- (i = 0.1) (Log_2 p_i (p_i)). In the first case we have considered, p_0 p_1 = 1 and = 0, then the entropy is zero. No surprise there. In the random case, p_0 = p_1 = 1 / 2. Entropy worth S_SH = 1 which is its maximum value. Shannon showed that we can compress a message N bits in only M = N S_SH. It is a brutal outcome used in all compression algorithm for both communications and storage. For example, the "zip", "gzip" and so on are based on Lempel-Ziv algorithms that saturate the bound of Shannon.

The quantum world is more subtle. We can think of a complex system made up of many particles and wonder if the state is made of overlapping. To be more precise, we wonder if part of the system is "we surprised" to have correlations with the rest. Von Neumann entropy quantifies this fact. The construction is technically and just write in brackets the result (whether a state von Neumann is S_vN =- Tr (rho_A Log_2 rho_A). In this way we can quantify the quantum correlations of a system.

is a delicate matter to relate this entropy with the Bekenstein entropy for a black hole. It is extremely subtle and misunderstood.

The surprise is measurable.

I've always found a great concept.

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A man is an energy machine. Come, digested food into energy means that after the temperature used to maintain, move, for all its internal functions, to think (but spends little on this.)

ingest around about 2000 Cal (some eat more). Ovid often 1 Cal = 1000 cal. The capital "C" is important. A calorie is a quantity of work (1 cal = 4186 joules). Much of what we eat is going to maintain our temperature. Our inner metabolism increases, our sweat, the conversion of liquid water into steam decreases. Thus, a body yields about 150 Joules per second (1 J / s = 1 Watt). The part of the head remains, about 20 Watts. We're kind of light bulb that shines shortly. If we gather 10 people in a small room, the temperature rises because we issued a little stove.

is more costly to maintain our temperature if cold. Our brain tells substances quickly eat high in calories. In warm weather, we decided to eat less. If someone wants to lose weight, you get cold faster than going to a sauna, but it is less enjoyable.

The human body also retains an electrical charge. If you walk down a carpet with insulating rubber shoes, the load generated by friction is not transmitted to the ground. We loaded. Touching the door handle, feel a spark. If then we kiss a loved one, we noticed the magic of electricity (not chemistry).

Any modification of our environment requires an energy exchange. Man gets and gives energy constantly and in many ways. Is modified and adjust what surroundings. Is affected by and affects machines. On balance, they say, is wisdom.

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The postulate of quantum mechanics as

process as uncontrollable affects the measured physical system. This implies that a scientific theory is consistently limited to describe the outcome of any comment without trying to find an ultimate truth in nature. In this spirit that built the Quantum Mechanics (MC). It is an epistemological revolution.

1) How do you describe a quantum system?

Classical physics describes nature through their observable. For example, Newton's equations describe the position of a particle. The MC, however, describes the information of a physical system through the call wave function. For a prediction of an observable, we must act with an operator representing the observable on the wave function. The wave function itself is not observable.

2) How is an observable in MC?

An observable corresponds to a self-adjoint operator that can act on the wave function of the system. Is the mathematical representation of a meter.

3) Is it possible to find any results when measuring an observable?

Part No. the postulate of the measure dictates that the possible outcomes when measuring an observable are the eigenvalues \u200b\u200bof the operator representing the observable.

4) Do I have to believe me?

The MC is based on a few unprovable assumptions. A long process has led to reductionist them. If they are correct or not should be decided based on the systematic verification of the predictions that follow. If we find experiments that contradict these principles should be abandoned. Throughout this century has not found any experiment that contradicts the MC.

5) When I measure an observable, is always the same?

No. The second part of measurement postulate dictates that when making an observation we get one of the eigenvalues \u200b\u200bof the operator representing the observable with a certain probability (calculated as the square modulus of the projection of the wave function of the eigenvector, is easier to write the corresponding formula!). The result is thus probabilistic.

6) "The world is not deterministic?

Right. Laplace's determinism is superseded by the postulate of the measure. There is an inherently random element in the measurement process. These are not imperfections of the apparatus of statistical errors or anything fitting. The process measure, as the MC, is inherently probabilistic.

7) What happens after you measure?

The wave function collapses to the eigenvector associated with the outcome. Then evolves deterministically according to Schrödinger's equation.

postulate Opposition to the measure has been immortalized in Einstein's phrase: "God does not play dice in the atom." He always defended the existence of a local element of reality that would describe deterministically the probability distributions that we observe experimentally. During the twentieth century numerous confirmations of MC against local realistic theories have happened.

I make it clear that MC not only correctly describes a small group of experiments. The MC allows for predictions for full-featured, angular distributions, energy, all kinds. Formally, provides endless predictions. No wonder that today we use the MC to our advantage: lasers, atomic clocks, nuclear magnetic resonance, superconducting condensate, semiconductors and so on.

The MC is one of the finest intellectual constructs of humanity.

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Theory of Relativity of Einstein and scientific revolutions

The phrase "the driver is lost, be late" is disappearing. Many vehicles begin to incorporate a GPS (Global Positioning System) that lets us know where we are on Earth to within a few meters and can suggest a route not to be late. The GPS also allows a plane to fly almost pilot a ship to know their position at sea or determine how they are shifting the tectonic plates that make up the continents. We've all heard of this new technology without being aware that their work requires theories of Special Relativity (1905) and General Relativity (1915) of Albert Einstein.

The fundamental idea is that both theories help us understand how the time is measured by different watches. The operation of a GPS device is based on receiving signals from different clocks whose location is known and derive its own position from this information. To this end, thirty satellites orbiting the Earth. Each satellite carries a cesium atomic clock precision almost unimaginable: a tic every nanosecond ago and only delayed about 4 nanoseconds per day. The reason for such overwhelming accuracy is easy to understand. Light travels about 30 cm every nanosecond. If we want to accurately determine a position a few meters using electromagnetic signals from satellites, we measure time with an error less than about 20 nanoseconds. We need accurate clocks well synchronized. Here comes

Relativity. Time is not equal to a clock on a satellite to another we have at home. Here are two reasons. A, the clock in orbit is moving relative to our approximately 12 000 km / s. Two, our watch is immersed in an intense gravitational field. In the first case, the Special Theory of Relativity predicts the clock in orbit is delayed about 7 microseconds per day on the clock in our house. In the second case, the General Theory of Relativity dictates that the clock in orbit is ahead about 45 microseconds per day. Both effects combine so that, if not corrected, clocks are out of sync about 38 microseconds per day. In other words, if we do not use relativity, our GPS is useless after two minutes. After a day, would our position with an error of 10 km.

GPS incorporates, therefore, the equations of relativity! In fact, the orbiting clocks were set at the factory to make their tics more slowly and thus correct some of the relativistic effects mentioned above. It's a great history lesson: Einstein's theory, motivated by the need to unify the paradigms of classical physics and electromagnetism has led to a technological tool whose impact we begin to see.

We can speculate about the social impact of GPS. Combining GPS with the issuance of a signal can remotely monitor the position of any object. There are tracking systems for cars that may extend to all types of objects or people. The vision of a Big Brother who knows where every human being terrified me. It is urgent to initiate legislation limiting the use of GPS. Is it ethical to monitor the position of a worker? How a child? Like other times in the history of science, conceptual achievement means that we should use technology with agreed criteria and containment.

The GPS system operates under the control Department of Defense U.S.. Because relativity belongs to no one, Europe is building Galileo, its own civil GPS. Public investment in basic science is at least two justifications: their unpredictable fruit are produced on time frames greater than the need to return a company and also the knowledge gained must be public and non-proprietary.

The future will be a thousand times more fascinating to glimpse. Atomic clocks have a hundred thousand times more accurate than those used in the GPS system will stabilization, miniaturization and cheaper and that will locate an object with an accuracy of 1 cm. That object could be a car without a driver.

More than one young reader will be devising an original use of GPS, capable of providing the needed value. Without basic science, there is no further development or innovation. Quantum mechanics also awaits. The study and construction of atomic lasers will lead to slow quantum waves, capable of measuring distances with greater accuracy. (Younger readers, study quantum mechanics.)

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GPS and physical magnitudes

I present a peculiar way to understand the revolutions of quantum mechanics and special relativity. The reasoning is the dynamic principle proposed by Newton, F = ma, a force corresponds to an action on a point particle and the result is that this particle is accelerated. The left side of the equation represents the forces of nature, while the right side provides a universal response to these forces. This answer depends on what type of force acting on the particle, is a basic answer, the particle does not want to change your state of motion.

further consideration to the right side of the equation of Newton. Are three physical parameters: mass (m), distance (L) and time (T) (the acceleration is distance divided by time squared). It is a fact that only three magnitudes deeper governing the response of a particle to any action that is exerted on it.

So we have three quantities: M, L and T. It is natural to study their relationships. The relationship between L and T is a high speed. The existence of a maximum speed c (speed of light) gives rise to special relativity. The existence of a minimum quantum of action (ћ) results in quantum mechanics. These two pillars of physics are therefore two reasons linked to the key figures.

This observation seems natural to predict that great revolutions are not outstanding. This statement is too strong. There are fields of physics, such as statistical physics, which arise when considering a large number of particles (Avogadro's number, which has no dimensions). But it is more important to understand that we must establish one of the three figures as reference points and keep the two previous relationships. We face the conceptual problem set is an absolute scale of mass, distance or time. This scale can be the Planck scale, which characterizes the appearance of quantum gravitational phenomena.

At the Planck scale, mc ^ 2 = 10 ^ 19 Gev, the concept of a differentiable spacetime can be completely replaced by something unknown. The space-time continuum would correspond to a low energy effective approximation to reality
underlying.

is an intriguing possibility.